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Freelance translator and/or interpreter, Verified member
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English to Portuguese: Linezolid: its role in the treatment of gram-positive, drug-resistant bacterial infections General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Pharmaceuticals
Source text - English While the choices available for the management of gram-positive, drug-resistant bacterial infections are becoming limited, antimicrobial resistance is becoming increasingly problematic because of the widespread overuse of antibiotics. Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic belonging to a new class of antimicrobials called the oxazolidinones. Linezolid disrupts bacterial growth by inhibiting the initiation process of protein synthesis--a mechanism of action that is unique to this class of drugs. It is well absorbed with high bioavailability that allows conversion to oral therapy as soon as the patient is clinically stable. It has been approved for certain gram-positive infections including certain drug-resistant enterococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus strains. It is generally well tolerated, with myelosuppression being the most serious adverse effect. As a nonselective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, caution is recommended when used with adrenergic or serotonergic agents (e.g., tyramine, dopamine, pseudoephedrine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Judicious use of this medication should help physicians treat patients with multidrug-resistant infections.
Translation - Portuguese Enquanto as opções disponíveis para o tratamento de infecções por bactérias Gram-positivas resistentes se tornam limitadas, a resistência aos antimicrobianos torna-se cada vez mais problemática devido ao uso amplamente indiscriminado de antibióticos. A linezolida é um antibiótico sintético pertencente a uma nova classe de antimicrobianos denominados oxazolidinonas. A linezolida interrompe o crescimento bacteriano através da inibição da iniciação da síntese proteica—um mecanismo de ação exclusivo a esta classe de fármacos. É bem absorvida e possui elevada biodisponibilidade, permitindo conversão à terapia oral assim que o estado clínico do paciente encontra-se estável. Está aprovada para o uso em certas infecções por bactérias Gram-positivas, inclusive certas cepas de enterococos, estafilococos, e pneumococos resistentes. É geralmente bem tolerada, sendo que a mielosupressão é o efeito adverso mais grave. Por ser inibidora não-seletiva da monoamina oxidase, recomenda-se cautela no uso com agentes adrenérgicos ou serotonérgicos (como tiramina, dopamina, pseudoefedrina, e inibidores seletivos da recaptação de serotonina). O uso criterioso deste medicamento deverá ajudar médicos a tratarem pacientes com infecções multirresistentes a antibióticos.
English to Portuguese: Anticonvulsants General field: Medical Detailed field: Livestock / Animal Husbandry
Source text - English During a seizure episode or status epilepticus, the route of administration for anticonvulsants is IV. The oral route is preferred for long-term maintenance therapy, although absorption may be limited or variable depending on the drug used. SC or IM injections are seldom used because of the variability in drug absorption.
To initiate maintenance anticonvulsant therapy in dogs, the drug of choice is phenobarbital (2.2 mg/kg, b.i.d.). Most dogs develop tolerance to side effects within 2 wk (sedation, polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia). The dosage should be adjusted on the basis of serum concentration monitoring (15-45 µg/mL) after 2 wk of treatment. Tolerance to anticonvulsant therapy may develop in dogs treated continuously for months to years. Minimal dosage and periodic medication withdrawal (gradual) are recommended to minimize this occurrence.
For treatment of acute convulsions in foals (eg, with neonatal maladjustment syndrome or idiopathic epilepsy), seizures are best treated with diazepam, 0.02-0.40 mg/kg, given slowly IV. This dose may be repeated, and with a few doses, convulsions do not recur in some foals. However, if seizures recur, medication with diazepam or another anticonvulsant should be continued for 1-4 wk before a gradual withdrawal. After diazepam treatment, phenobarbital may be administered at 20 mg/kg by slow IV injection, followed by a maintenance dose of 9 mg/kg, b.i.d. or t.i.d. Alternatively, treatment of foals can be initiated and later maintained with phenytoin (for doses, see below). If seizures are otherwise uncontrollable, sodium pentobarbital (2-4 mg/kg, IV) can be given to effect (in all species). In foals, chloral hydrate/magnesium sulfate (3-10 g/50 kg) may be used instead.
Translation - Portuguese Durante um episódio convulsivo ou status epilepticus, a via preferencial de administração para os anticonvulsivantes é a intravenosa. A via oral é preferível para terapia de manutenção a longo prazo, apesar de a absorção ser limitada ou variável dependendo do fármaco utilizado. As injeções subcutâneas ou intramusculares são raramente utilizadas devido à variabilidade na absorção do medicamento.
Para iniciar a terapia anticonvulsivante de manutenção em cães, a droga de escolha é o fenobarbital (2,2 mg/kg, duas vezes ao dia). A maioria dos cães desenvolve tolerância aos efeitos colaterais (sedação, polidipsia, poliúria e polifagia) em duas semanas. A dose deve ser ajustada com base no monitoramento da concentração sérica (15-45 µg/mL) após duas semanas de tratamento. Tolerância ao tratamento anticonvulsivante pode ocorrer em cães tratados continuamente por meses ou anos. Para minimizar essas ocorrências, recomenda-se o uso do medicamento na dose mínima e sua retirada periódica (gradual).
Para o tratamento de convulsões agudas em potros (por exemplo, com síndrome de má-adaptação/desajustamento neonatal ou epilepsia idiopática), o melhor medicamento é o diazepam, a 0,02-0,40 mg/kg, injetado lentamente por via intravenosa. Essa dose pode ser repetida, e após algumas doses, as convulsões não ocorrem mais em alguns potros. Se, no entanto, houver recidiva, deve-se continuar a medicação com diazepam ou outro anticonvulsivante por uma a quatro semanas antes da retirada gradual. Após o tratamento com diazepam, pode-se administrar fenobarbital a 20 mg/kg em injeção IV lenta, seguida por uma dose de manutenção de 9 mg/kg, duas vezes ao dia ou três vezes ao dia. Como alternativa, o tratamento em potros pode ser iniciado e mantido com fenitoína (vide posologia abaixo). Em convulsões incontroláveis por qualquer outro tratamento, o pentobarbital sódico (2-4 mg/kg, IV) pode ser dado até surtir efeito (em todas as espécies). Em potros, pode-se usar hidrato de cloral/sulfato de magnésio (3-10 g/50 kg) em vez do pentobarbital.
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Experience
Years of experience: 19. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2007. Became a member: Dec 2009.
Although my work has focused mainly on the biomedical sciences, I have ample experience in fields as diverse as pharmacology and econometrics, almost always with a research focus, including translating hundreds of scientific articles for publication in international journals and confidential/sensitive research work for Brazil's foremost public university. I am natively bilingual in English and Brazilian Portuguese and equally comfortable translating from and into either language.
I believe the translator is best defined as a multiplier of information—a professional whose work makes it possible for information to be understood and put to use across vastly different cultures—and I strive to meet this definition with each sentence I render, bringing cultural and scientific awareness when it matters most.
In my spare time, I have authored, copyedited and proofread articles for the world's largest and most popular online encyclopedia since 2005, including several articles featured on the website's front page.
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Member since Dec '09
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